Site NavigationLanguagesPreferred language:
|
|
The Bible: Is it a True and Accurate Account of Creation? (Part 1)Page: 2/7(8294 total words in this text) (1590 Reads) ![]() SummaryIndex:
The Bible is the foundation document of Judaism and Christianity. It is a basic ingredient of the collective culture of the Western world. It is extensively quoted in literature. It has inspired some of the world's greatest art. The moral and ethical teachings of the Bible are a principal cornerstone of Western legal and philosophical systems. Some groups have proposed including biblical creationism in public school science classes as an addition to, or even as a replacement for, the study of evolution. These groups base their argument on a belief that the Bible, particularly the book of Genesis, offers a true, accurate, and complete account of creation. However, the Bible is not an adequate scientific account of physical and biological origin and evolution. The creation stories of the Bible are seriously contradicted by well-verified facts. The implied age of the universe, the creation of the entire universe and all living creatures within six days (whether understood as a literal 24-hour day, years, or an age), the simultaneous creation of sun, moon and stars (after creation of the earth), and the near simultaneous arrival of all living things, are all contrary to scientific fact. There are actually two distinct, mutually inconsistent accounts of the creation in Genesis. Internal consistency and agreement with objective facts are absolute requirements of a scientific theory. Arguments about conflict between the Bible and science are pointless. The Bible is not a science text; the scientific method was unknown in biblical times. Theology may use rigorous logic in a similar manner to science, but the subject matter, God, is not amenable to empirical testing. Science cannot give guidance on moral and spiritual questions, but the methods of science can be used to help determine the provenance and authenticity of the Bible. The purposes of religion and science are completely different. Science seeks to describe, explain, and predict. The Bible tries to tell the purpose of creation, and to point the way to morality, righteousness, and salvation. It should not be surprising that their methods are different and even incompatible. Believers do not universally accept the Bible as an accurate account of all events. Although the majority of Fundamentalists and many Evangelicals do accept total biblical accuracy, most mainline Protestant denominations leave that up to individual conscience; the Bible is considered the "fallible human rendering of divine inspiration". "Inspiration" in this view is an illumination that helps the author to apply his wisdom and experience to writing. Creationists believe the Bible to be INERRANT and PERSPICUOUS. Inerrancy means that the Bible has neither errors of fact nor internal contradictions. Perspicuity means that the Bible is clear, unambiguous, and not subject to interpretation. However, it should be recognized that the decision to treat the Genesis narratives as literal, historical fact (rather than as allegory, poetry, or symbolism) is in itself an interpretation. The belief in complete inerrancy is probably rooted in 2 Timothy 3:16-17. The King James Version reads: "All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: that the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works." Fundamentalists interpret this verse to mean that every word in the Bible has been directly given by God, and is absolutely true. Most mainline denominations interpret this verse to mean that the Bible is useful as a moral guide. Another verse used to justify a belief in complete inerrancy is Matthew 5:18. "I tell you this: so long as heaven and earth endure, not a letter, not a stroke, will disappear from the Law until all that must happen has happened". An alternate reading of the last phrase of this verse is "before all that it stands for is achieved." The Fundamentalist view of this verse is that every word and punctuation mark must be followed. The mainstream view is that the verse is ambiguous, but that the moral precepts of the "law" are always binding on Christians. Other statements of Jesus (for example Matthew 5:31-32, Matthew 10:1-12, Luke 16:18, and Mark 10: 2-12) seem to indicate that He did not consider some sections of the "Law" to be either divinely inspired or binding. Biblical inerrancy is not a major concern for the majority of Roman Catholics, and Pope John Paul II has affirmed that evolution is a proper field of study for Catholics. Most Jews do not consider factual accuracy of the Genesis account to be an important point. Of course, inerrancy is not accepted at all by atheists, agnostics, and adherents of other faiths. The majority of Christians believe that the Bible, although inspired, is the work of human authors, and that it could have been influenced by the popular beliefs at the time of writing, and are not deeply troubled by evidence of inconsistency in some parts. However, those whose faith rests almost entirely on a firm belief in total, literal infallibility of every word naturally feel extreme dissonance when parts of the Bible are contradicted by scientific facts. The doctrine of biblical inerrancy arose in the 19th century in opposition to scholarly study of the Bible and to the growth of science. The question did not seriously trouble believers prior to the work of Hutton and Lyell; until the age of the earth was known, most Christians could accept the Genesis account. The belief in total inerrancy has grown especially since the 1920s, and is hence of relatively recent vintage. The doctrine is most strongly held in the rural South and border States. There is also a significant presence of Fundamentalism in California, possibly as a legacy of the large influx of poor, dispossessed farmers from Oklahoma and Arkansas during the depression years. Even the earliest commentaries asserted that the Bible was the product of human authors. The earliest Jewish and Christian scholars were principally concerned with resolving discrepancies and contradictions. The concept of "allegorism" (the literal interpretation of a passage is subsidiary to a deeper meaning) was espoused by the Jewish scholar Philo Judaeus at the beginning of the Christian era and was also accepted by early Christian scholars like Origen, for example. Saint Augustine of Hippo warned that a literal reading of Genesis could obscure the deeper meaning. He also warned that palpably illogical readings of Scripture could bring Christianity into disrepute among intelligent unbelievers. Historical and interpretive study, although opposed by most Fundamentalists, has been accepted by the great majority of biblical scholars. This so-called "higher criticism" began in the 18th and 19th centuries and is still the major focus of scholarly biblical research. Pope Pius XII in "Divino Afflante Spiritu" encouraged Biblical research in 1943. Although most of the early scholars involved in higher criticism were respectful, even reverential, and many were clergymen, they were ferociously attacked during the 19th century. Scholarly study of the Bible has raised many questions. What version, and which translation, is most faithful to the original? The earliest surviving complete versions date only from the early Christian era. The earliest surviving complete text of the Pentateuch is actually a copy of a Greek translation dating from the third century BCE. Comparison of that version with the earliest surviving texts and fragments and with the Masorah and with the Qumran scrolls suggest that the Old Testament has been copied, recopied, and edited with reasonable fidelity, but some major discrepancies do exist, variants were not uncommon in antiquity, and the accuracy of the entire text is open to question. Other questions that have arisen are:Research has found discrepancies with historical and archaeological evidence, and the persons to whom authorship has been traditionally ascribed could not possibly have written some passages. The forms of many passages (poetry, essays, prophesies, visions, etc.) influenced the content. The writers of many passages probably never intended them to be read as accurate historical and scientific accounts. Biblical scholarship has suggested some alternative readings for the Genesis account of creation:
Alternatives suggested in the past include the "day-age" hypothesis (each "day" represents a very long epoch) and the "gap" hypothesis (there are enormous gaps between the "days" of creation). By the middle of the 19th century, approximately half of all Christians had accepted one of these alternative beliefs. Both of these hypotheses are inconsistent with many scientific facts of evolution, astronomy, and geology, and they are not highly regarded today. The majority of believers now accept some form of alternative reading. However, most Fundamentalists categorically reject all interpretations except completely literal, factual accuracy. In summary, views of the Bible have varied over time, and now vary across sectarian lines. Interpretation of the Bible as exact history is far from universal even among believers. Scholarly research has opened up many questions about the accuracy of some sections of the Bible, even as faithful renditions of the authors' beliefs. Only a minority of Christians holds a strong belief in total inerrancy. Most religious people are not seriously concerned by the mythic character of some parts of the Bible, which are not seen as detracting from its valuable moral and spiritual lessons. The account of creation in Genesis as a scientific, historical description is seriously contradicted by well-verified scientific facts. The Bible is inappropriate as a science text in schools, because the creation narrative is in contradiction with so many scientific facts, because it was never intended as a scientific account, and because only a small minority of believers accept biblical creationism. However, it may be a proper vehicle for the study of comparative religion or philosophy. |
Search CESEDonateLogin |
Comments
What if the Genesis Creation Story is true?
There are two parts to this challenge. First, could the First Genesis Creation Story be true. Secondly, if it is true – what would that mean to humanity? Below is my attempt to explain this amazing prospect. I have purposely written the thesis in a simple manner with no scientific footnotes. Anyone familiar with the science of creation will recognize the details as agreeing with current scientific creation knowledge. If footnotes or additional scientific backup is needed I will be happy to supply it.
Can Science Now Prove The First Genesis Creation Story?
Given the current and past battles fought over "creation mythology" vs. "scientific evolution theory" it is deeply ironic that the first “story” of the creation of the earth in the book of Genesis, turns out to be quite accurate – startling accurate. As with all disagreements, wars, etc., it is our perspectives that prevent us from seeing new possibilities, new truths. When opponents are willing to change their perspectives (or beliefs) truth can emerge. In the case of the Genesis creation story, I would propose that it takes only a slight change in where we literally view the action to realize that science and Genesis are in complete agreement.
To see this revelation in the Genesis creation story just imagine being present at creation as described in Genesis, but, not only present -- but on the planet during creation. How would you describe what was happening? For most of us without extensive scientific training we would probably describe it much as it is described in the first chapter of Genesis. The “author” of Genesis is simply describing what was occurring in the sky and on the land as though the author were on the planet and not from an ethereal perspective.
Comparing today’s Big Bang theory of creation and how science not only understands our earth’s beginnings but also the evolution of life on the planet, there is - surprisingly - no difference between the order of events in the Genesis story and current scientific understanding.
Following is the first Genesis Creation Story verse by verse along with our current scientific understanding of those events:
Genesis, Chapter One:
"In the beginning .....the earth was formless and empty..." (verse 1) Indeed, according to the "big bang" theory, in the beginning, after the initial big bang, the entire universe was a whirling ball of gas - formless and empty. As each planet began to form in their respective solar systems, they were likewise a whirling ball of gas and likewise formless and empty. Do better words exist to describe our earth in its formative stage?
"..darkness was over the face of the deep and the spirit of God was hovering over the waters.." (verse 2) Over millions of years science now tells us, the gases around our swirling ball of gas began to condense and a solid core formed. Around this core, thick clouds of condensation enveloped the planet. And then it began to rain and rain and rain for thousands and thousands of years. Gradually, the earth became entirely covered with an immense ocean. However, no light reached the planet due to the still thick cloud cover of vapor. There was only darkness.
"And God said, ‘Let there be light.’ and there was light. God saw the light was good, and he separated the light from the darkness. God called the light ‘day’ and darkness he called ‘night’ " (verse 3-5) Gradually the earth‘s cover of clouds began to diminish slightly and a pale light from the sun began to reach the planet. As you viewed this from the planet and looked up you could begin to notice a difference between day and night.
"And God said, ‘Let there be an expanse between the waters to separate water from water.’ So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above it. God called the expanse ‘sky’ ." (verse 6-8) It must have looked as if the sky, the rain and oceans were one for many millions of years. Over time however, the condensation in the sky became less heavy. If you looked out over the waters you could gradually begin to differentiate between water on the planet’s surface i.e. the oceans and the clouds of condensation in the atmosphere. There was a separation between the waters.
"And God said, ‘Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place, and let dry ground appear... and it was so. God called the dry ground "land" and the gathered waters he called "seas’." (verse 9,10) Science confirms that after the earth began to cool, a crust formed and then began to shift, forming mountains that arose out of the vast expanse of water. Volcanoes erupted and also formed land above the waters. The waters gathered into oceans and seas.
"Then God said, ‘Let the land produce vegetation: seed bearing plants and trees on the land that bear fruit with seed in it, according to their various kinds.’ And it was so." (verse 11) According to scientific theory today, the first, more highly organized life forms were plants. These plants began to proliferate on the new land.
"And God said, ‘Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the day from the night, and let them serve as signs to mark the seasons and days and years and let them be lights in the expanse of the sky to give light to the Earth. ." (verse 14,15) It was most likely thousands of years after plants evolved that a truly clear day occurred on the planet. A person standing on the planet’s surface could actually begin to see clearly the stars, a moon and the sun for the first time. It was not that God had just created these heavenly forms but it would have been the first time a person could have seen them clearly. Man later learned that indeed the stars, the angle of the sun and moon could mark the seasons and the days and the years.
"Let the water teem with living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the expanse of the sky." (verse 20) Modern science declares that animal life began in the oceans. Then life migrated to the land and the time of the great reptiles occurred. Interestingly, it has just been in the last few years that scientists discovered dinosaur fossils covered with feathers and postulate these gradually developed into the first of our modern creatures -- birds. So the fact that birds are the first living creatures mentioned as living on the land is significant in that they represent the age of the dinosaurs. It would have been impossible for this ancient writer to describe the age of dinosaurs to the last four thousand years of human readers. Instead, knowing that at sometime in the future mankind would discover the link between dinosaurs and birds, he used the bird to describe this period of time.
"Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: livestock, creatures that move along the ground, and wild animals, each according to its kind." (verse 24) From our fossil records we know that our modern, warm blooded land animals evolved next. And, each does produce according to its kind.
"Then God said, ‘Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground....’. (verse 26) Lastly, again according to present day science, modern man arrived approximately 50,0000 years ago on the planet and indeed is considered the master of the planet and all that is on it.
So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them. God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living creature that moves on the ground." (verse 28) Man has indeed multiplied and has "subdued the planet and rules" over it. The only part of this story that science has not yet proved conclusively for many of us, is that we are created in the image of God – that is, that we are spiritual beings living in bodies that evolved over time to survive life on this planet.
It appears from the above analysis of the First Genesis Creation story that science may now be able to prove the validity of this ancient story -- a "story" written thousands of years ago.
So, how could these ancient peoples have acquired such an accurate description of creation’s events that has only been discovered by our science in the last 100 years? How could they describe events that require complex instruments, advanced computers, and even space travel to understand?
What is just as interesting is the fact that this story survived – obviously intact – over an immense period of time having been passed on perhaps verbally for hundreds of years and then written and rewritten for several thousand more years. The story itself must have made little sense to the author of Genesis much less to the people of that time. How could this ancient author have conceived of an earth that was formless and void? And, given the variety of creation stories that arose from early civilizations, it would be immensely tempting to change it to something that would make more sense to a primitive culture. Several early creation stories use animals as the creators. Many have a different order of events. However the Genesis story does not “simplify” or bring other creatures into the story to make it more understandable. The language is in fact rather formal and matter of fact. And, more significantly, given the above theory, not a single “ creation event” is out of place.
Instead of the story being viewed as an anomaly, one cultures "creation story" and in fact often scoffed at by our more advanced civilization, it presents us with an even more amazing enigma… how did these early people get this information? Conjectures could include that an advanced race was at one time on the earth and gave this story to early man. This idea is actually supported by the Bible. Check out Chapter 6, verse 4 of Genesis, “ The Nephilim were on the earth in those days – and also afterward- when the sons of God went to the daughters of men and had children by them. They were the heroes of old, men of renown.”
There is also a significant body of writings from major theological schools which theorize that the Genesis creation story is a composite from other, earlier civilization’s creation stories. There is certainly evidence to show this could be true. There are many comparable events in Babylonian creation stories and even in early North American Indian stories. This serves to only strengthen the wonderment of how many individual creation events are found in early man’s stories from all over the world. Whether the author of Genesis “received” this version from God or compiled it from other earlier stories is somewhat irrelevant in that somehow early man was able to accurately describe significant events as wondrous, as complex as the creation of the earth.
What does it mean to science and our religious beliefs when a part of the Bible turns out to be correct – particularly a story that has caused such wide-spread disagreement? Does it mean everything in the Bible is provable by science? Or that science must take as truth everything in the Bible? What is important about the Genesis creation story is the willingness to look at the story from a different perspective - for both sides of the disagreement to back off of tightly held beliefs and to look at the story from a totally different perspective – one that unites both views.
I believe we are at the threshold of a new age for mankind - one in which our commonality of creation can be understood and believed by all of Mankind. This theory, when shown to the world, could indeed blow the world of theology for all religions and modern day science into a whole new perspective regarding our beginnings.
A side note: What about the second Genesis Creation Story – you know, the one about Adam and Eve and the Garden? That’s a whole other subject – about the introduction of Spirit into the human animal and the purpose of existence….
Actually there is no contradiction between science adn the Bible. In Genesis 1:1 It says that God created the heavens and the earth. It never says when God created them. It could have been billions of years ago. In Genesis 1:2 It says that the creation was without form and void but should read became, as it is translated elsewhere, in chaos and confusion, the two words that are translated without form and void are tohu and bohu, they mean in chaos and confusion. and darkness was on the face of the deep.There is no time given for this process to occur. In verse three God separated the dark from light. Goodness is light and evil is darkness, God separated the darkness. Then God proceeds to regenerate the earth. There are other truthes in the Bible. There is no discrepancy between the Bible and science.
I think the gist of the article is more along the lines of taking the whole "Earth, and all life on it, was created in 6 days" literally.